Egyptians brought palm branches into their homes in late December as a symbol of growing things. Romans trimmed trees with trinkets and topped them with an image of their sun god to celebrate the winter Saturnalia. Druid sorcerers hung golden apples and lit candles on oak trees to celebrate the winter solstice. In the middle ages, the feast of Adam and Eve was held on December 24th; a fir tree hung with red apples called “the paradise tree” was its symbol.

It is generally agreeed, however, that the use of an evergreen tree as part of the Christian Christmas celebration started 400 years ago in Germany and spread to most of northern Europe by the 19th century. During the American Revolutionary War, Hessian Mercenaries brought the custom to the United States. In 1804, soldiers at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago) hauled trees to their barracks during Christmas.

A Philadelphia newspaper story printed in 1825 commented on decorated trees in German immigrant homes during the Christmas season. In 1842, a German named Charles Minnegerode introduced the custom to Williamsburg, Virginia. His tree was described as “splendidly decorated” with “strings of popcorn, gilded nuts and lighted candles.”

Origins and Growth of the Nova Scotia Industry

The first Christmas trees exported from Nova Scotia were probably shipped by Arthur Manual of Chester Basin in 1922 or 1923. Mrs. Kirk Hennigar of Chester Basin indicated that Mr. Manual had shipped a few carloads of trees before 1924. Mr. Manual was an elderly man and he had a rooming house business to run, so he turned his business over to her father-in-law, Robin Hennigar. Newspaper clippings supplied by Mrs. Hennigar stated that Robin (Bob) Hennigar first shipped two carloads of Christmas trees in 1924. The clipping also states that only one other person was in the business when he started. Bob’s business expanded and peaked in the year of his death , 1948, at exactly 250 carloads (150 carloads out of Chester Basin). This made him the larges individual exported in Canada at the time. Bob brought trees from Cape Breton to Annapolis and shipped out of most rail yards of the province. His sons Kirk, Theodore, and Linton carried on the business for a number of years under the name Kirk S. Hennigar, Christmas Tree Shippers.

A veteran Christmas tree grower, Rex Meister, states that he hauled a truckload of Christmas trees from New Ross to the United States in 1955. He also stated that Robie Kaizer of Western Shore, Lunenburg County hired the first truck to export trees in 1954. Between the mid-1950's and the 1980's, the transportation of trees changed from almost exclusive use of the rail system to almost exclusive use of trucks and the highway system. Containers are now used for Caribbean destinations.

According to the Department of Lands and Forests’ report on the Christmas tree industry prepared by R.R. Murray in 1948, the first trees from eastern Nova Scotia were exported in 1932. One of the early pioneers in this area was Seward Feltmate of Goshen, He was one of the first to practice spacing, under pruning, stump culture, and butt scoring. Murray’s report reveals that stumpage paid to landowners averaged about five cents per tree, roadside price averaged seven to ten cents per tree, and bales F.O.B. (Freight On Board) car were 35 to 60 cents each. Prices were very erratic because of the competition and because most woodlot owners sold their trees “lump sum, roadside” (culls included).

Many American exporters had a significant role in the trade as well. The John Hofert Company had a manager in New Ross as early as 1933. The Kirk Company was also established in the community prior to the Second World War. Comparative newcomers included the M. Walter Company (late 1950's), and the Gold Star Christmas Tree Company (1960's).

Christmas trees passed through many hands between the grower and the consumer as grower, exporter, broker (U.S. importer), retailer, consumer, and many minor contractors in between all demanded a piece of the pie. Freight to the New York area averaged one dollar per 60-pound (27 kg) bale for a ten day trip. The wholesaler paid the broker about four dollars per bale. The consumer would pay from two to four dollars for a good quality 8-foot tree. Bales averaged three trees and 60 pounds (27 kg) each.

Apparently a number of circumstances came together at the same time that were largely responsible for the early development of this industry. We had a good native tree species that was growing under rather ideal conditions at a time when our rail transportation systems were nearing completion and at a time when the Americans had depleted their wild stands. The Nova Scotian provincial industry peaked in 1957 at 3.8 million trees.